This paper examines the arguments on either side of the issue and takes the position that USFs continue to have relevance, if managed properly.

The Digital India program envisions connectivity upto the Gram Panchayat level. VNL can help extend its reach beyond, to the level of connected, Digital Villages.

A Universal Service Fund functions somewhat like a Robin Hood, collecting from those who ought to act responsibly, but don't, and give to those who need it most, but don't get. In practice, though, USFs in different countries end up taking many different forms and personalities.